Speaking Ethically Essay -- Literary Analysis, Dinesh D’Souza

The 5 considerations for speaking ethically are: â€Å"have a clear and responsible goal† (p. 51); â€Å"use sound evidence and reasoning† (p. 52); â€Å"be sensitive to and tolerant of differences† (p. 53); â€Å"be honest† (p. 53); and â€Å"don’t plagiarize†. The three considerations for listening ethically are: â€Å"communicate your expectations and feedback: (p. 57); â€Å"be sensitive to and tolerant of differences† (p. 58); and â€Å"listen critically† (p. 58). The first consideration for speaking ethically exists in order to establish trust with the audience. The audience should be aware of what the point of the speech is, what they are going to be persuaded about. Personally I feel that Dinesh D’Souza violated this consideration by labeling his speech â€Å"Christianity and Islam: is religion the problem?† It was excruciatingly clear that he wasn’t honestly examining the advantages and disadvantages (pragmatic effects, clearly theological effects would have been a different discussion) of religion in society, he was stating his opinion that atheists cause millions of deaths per year, Muslims cause thousands of deaths per year, while Christians advance the world and prevent deaths. Thus, the title of his speech was misleading, and according to the book, unethical. The second consideration for speaking ethically exists so that opinions may be accepted or dismissed on their own merits. The idea is that sifting through false ideas is a good thing, and the best method for sifting through false ideas is for each individual to form his or her own opinion. I believe Dinesh D’Souza violated this consideration with the following paraphrased argument: â€Å"President Obama’s father wants to crush corporations under the heel of government; the title of a book written by Preside... ...o hold. In other words, the opinion is worthwhile because there is an issue that is important. The third step is satisfy. It exists in order to show that the valuable opinion can solve the need. The fourth step is visualization. It exists in order to help the audience visualize the issue, and the outcomes that will occur because of the issue not being fixed. The fifth step is action. It exists in order demonstrate how the audience personally can help fix the issue. For example, step 3 may be â€Å"schools need increased funding† and step 5 might be â€Å"you individually volunteering at school sporting events lets the school spend money on other things†. The sixth step is rebuttal. It exists in order to be a straw-man argument, albeit possibly with more honesty. This step allows the speaker to honestly, or dishonestly, propose other possible solutions and dismiss them. Speaking Ethically Essay -- Literary Analysis, Dinesh D’Souza The 5 considerations for speaking ethically are: â€Å"have a clear and responsible goal† (p. 51); â€Å"use sound evidence and reasoning† (p. 52); â€Å"be sensitive to and tolerant of differences† (p. 53); â€Å"be honest† (p. 53); and â€Å"don’t plagiarize†. The three considerations for listening ethically are: â€Å"communicate your expectations and feedback: (p. 57); â€Å"be sensitive to and tolerant of differences† (p. 58); and â€Å"listen critically† (p. 58). The first consideration for speaking ethically exists in order to establish trust with the audience. The audience should be aware of what the point of the speech is, what they are going to be persuaded about. Personally I feel that Dinesh D’Souza violated this consideration by labeling his speech â€Å"Christianity and Islam: is religion the problem?† It was excruciatingly clear that he wasn’t honestly examining the advantages and disadvantages (pragmatic effects, clearly theological effects would have been a different discussion) of religion in society, he was stating his opinion that atheists cause millions of deaths per year, Muslims cause thousands of deaths per year, while Christians advance the world and prevent deaths. Thus, the title of his speech was misleading, and according to the book, unethical. The second consideration for speaking ethically exists so that opinions may be accepted or dismissed on their own merits. The idea is that sifting through false ideas is a good thing, and the best method for sifting through false ideas is for each individual to form his or her own opinion. I believe Dinesh D’Souza violated this consideration with the following paraphrased argument: â€Å"President Obama’s father wants to crush corporations under the heel of government; the title of a book written by Preside... ...o hold. In other words, the opinion is worthwhile because there is an issue that is important. The third step is satisfy. It exists in order to show that the valuable opinion can solve the need. The fourth step is visualization. It exists in order to help the audience visualize the issue, and the outcomes that will occur because of the issue not being fixed. The fifth step is action. It exists in order demonstrate how the audience personally can help fix the issue. For example, step 3 may be â€Å"schools need increased funding† and step 5 might be â€Å"you individually volunteering at school sporting events lets the school spend money on other things†. The sixth step is rebuttal. It exists in order to be a straw-man argument, albeit possibly with more honesty. This step allows the speaker to honestly, or dishonestly, propose other possible solutions and dismiss them.

Types of Sensors

Types of Sensors Sensor technology is a growing form of technology that has caught everyone’s attention in the recent times engineers have been continuously working on new forms of sensors for incorporating different features into a technology. A sensor is nothing but a special converter that helps in measuring the physical quantity of an object and then converts the same into a special signal to be sent to the technological devices. Sensors facilitate the sending and receiving of these special signals for carrying out different activities.If you look at some of the major technologies these days including the mobile phones or the laptops, you would find out that they all are making use of some form of sensor in order to do their job. We would here discuss some of the major types of sensors usually used. There are special sensors that are devised and used especially for acoustic, sound and vibration purposes. There are numerous devices like the hydrophone and microphone which a ct as sensors and are mainly used for the purpose of transmitting sound and vibrations from one object to another.These sensors are usually employed in devices that need to transmit and transfer sound and other vibrations. Sensors are not only used for sound or vibrations but they are also commonly used for different automotive and transportation devices and mechanisms. Some of the commonly used automotive sensors include defect detector, mass flow sensor, oxygen sensor, parking sensor and speed sensor. The names of these sensors clearly define their purposes and applications.The chemical industry is also full of innumerable sensors, which are used for different applications. There are special carbon dioxide sensors that help in detecting the presence of carbon dioxide in a given space. Other than that, holographic sensor, infrared point sensor, olfactometer, oxygen sensor and smoke detectors are some of the common types of sensors that are used for industrial and other technologica l applications making use of different chemicals.Electric current and magnetic sensors are also commonly used at different places and for different purposes. There are special sensors installed for detecting radio directions and even voltage fluctuations and changes at times. Engineers are trying to monitor the environmental changes and developments all over the world right now. And hence the environment and weather sensors have also become so popular and common. Not only can the environmental sensors detect rain, snow or soil oisture they can even be used for making people aware and precautious of the forthcoming events. In addition to these sensors, there are several other types of sensors like velocity, navigation instruments and optical light and pressure sensors. These sensors make technologies much more beneficial and more useful for the people in all ways, giving them better use of the devices. Reference link: http://classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

Acct 562 Assignment 2 – The town of bedford falls approved a general fund

Chapter 4: Problems 4–4, 4–6, 4–10, and 4–11 3–9.Recording General Fund Operating Budget and Operating Transactions. The Town of Bedford Falls approved a General Fund operating budget for the fiscal year ending June 30, 2011. The budget provides for estimated revenues of $2,700,000 as follows: property taxes, $1,900,000; licenses and permits, $350,000; fines and forfeits, $250,000; and intergovernmental (state grants), $200,000. The budget approved appropriations of $2,650,000 as follows: General Government, $500,000; Public Safety, $1,600,000; Public Works, $350,000; Parks and Recreation, $150,000; and Miscellaneous, $50,000. Summary General Fund operating budget: fiscal year ending June 30, 2011 Budget: revenues of $2,700,000 property taxes: $1,900,000 licenses and permits: $350,000 fines and forfeits: $250,000 intergovernmental (state grants):$200,000 The budget approved appropriations of $2,650,000 as follows: General Government:$500,000 Public Safety: $1,600,000 Public Works: $350,000 Parks and Recreation: $150,000 Miscellaneous:$50,000 Required : a. Prepare the journal entry (or entries), including subsidiary ledger entries, to record the Town of Bedford Falls’s General Fund operating budget on July 1, 2010, the beginning of the Town’s 2011 fiscal year. Answer: General LedgerSubsidiary ledger Estimated RevDR: $2,700,000 Budgetary fund Bal. CR: $2,700,000 TaxesDR: $1,900,000 Intergovernmental Rev. DR: $200,000 Licenses & PermitsDR: $350,000 b. Prepare journal entries to record the following transactions that occurred during the month of July 2010. 1. Revenues were collected in cash amounting to $31,000 for licenses and permits and $12,000 for fines and forfeits. Answer: licenses and permits (Subsidiary Ledger) DR: Licenses & Permits $31,000 CR: Cash $31,000 fines and forfeits (general ledger) DR: Estimated Rev $12,000 CR: Budgetary fund bal. $12,000 2. Supplies were ordered by the following functions in early July 2010 at the estimated costs shown: Answer: Appropriations LedgerSubsidiary ledger General GovernmentCR: $7,400 Public SafetyCR: $11,300 Public WorksCR: $6,100 Parks & RecreationCR: $4,200 Misc. CR: $900 Encumbrances subsidiary LedgerSubsidiary ledger General GovernmentDR: $7,400 Public SafetyDR: $11,300 Public WorksDR: $6,100 Parks & RecreationDR: $4,200 Misc. DR: $900 3. During July 2010, supplies were received at the actual costs shown below and were paid in cash. General Government, Parks and Recreation, and Miscellaneous received all supplies ordered. Public Safety and Public Works received part of the supplies ordered earlier in the month at estimated costs of $10,700 and $5,900, respectively. c. Calculate and show in good form the amount of budgeted but unrealized revenues in total and from each source as of July 31, 2010. Answer: Budgeted but unrealized revenues: General Govn – $100 Public Safety – ($100) Public Works – ($200) Park & Rec – $100 Misc. – $0 d. Calculate and show in good form the amount of available appropriation in total and for each function as of July 31, 2010. Answer: Available appropriation: General Govn. – $100 Public Safety – $0 Public Works – $0 Park & Rec – $100 Misc. – $0 4–4 Property Tax Calculations and Journal Entries. The Village of Darby’s budget calls for property tax revenues for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2011, of $2,660,000. Village records indicate that, on average, 2 percent of taxes levied are not collected. The county tax assessor has assessed the value of taxable property located in the village at $135,714,300. Required: a. Calculate to the nearest penny what tax rate per $100 of assessed valuation is required to generate a tax levy that will produce the required amount of revenue for the year. Answer: 2,700,000%. 096= $2,812,500 b. Record the tax levy for 2011 in the General Fund. (Ignore subsidiary detail and entries at the government-wide level. ) Answer: DR: General Revenue-Property Taxes CR: Property Taxes c. By December 31, 2011, $2,540,000 of the current property tax levy had been collected. Record the amounts collected and reclassify the uncollected amount as delinquent. Interest and penalties of 6 percent were immediately due on the delinquent taxes, but the finance director estimates that 10 percent will not be collectible. Record the interest and penalties receivable. (Round all amounts to the nearest dollar. ) 4–6 Special Revenue Fund, Voluntary Nonexchange Transactions. The City of Eldon applied for a competitive grant from the state government for park improvements such as upgrading hiking trails and bike paths. On May 1, 2011, the City was notified that it had been awarded a grant of $200,000 for the program, to be received in two installments on July 1, 2011, and July 1, 2012. The grant stipulates that $100,000 is for use in each of the city’s fiscal years ending June 30, 2012, and June 30, 2013. Any amounts not expended during FY 2012 can be carried over for use in FY 2013. During FY 2012, the city expended $90,000 for park improvements from grant resources. Required For the special revenue fund, provide the appropriate journal entries, if any, that would be made for the following: 1. May 1, 2011, notification of grant approval. Answer: No Entry 2. July 1, 2011, receipt of first installment of the grant. Answer: CR: Grant $1,000,000 DR: Cash $1,000,000 3. During FY 2011 to record expenditures under the grant. Answer: No Entry 4. July 1, 2012. CR: Grant- park improvements, $90,000 DR: Cash- grant resources, $90,000 4–10 Operating Transactions, Special Topics, and Financial Statements. The City of Ashland’s General Fund had the following post-closing trial balance at April 30, 2010, the end of its fiscal year: ? During the year ended April 30, 2011, the following transactions, in summary form, with subsidiary ledger detail omitted, occurred: 1. The budget for FY 2011 provided for General Fund estimated revenues totaling $3,140,000 and appropriations totaling $3,100,000. . The city council authorized temporary borrowing of $300,000 in the form of a 120-day tax anticipation note. The loan was obtained from a local bank at a discount of 6 percent per annum (debit Expenditures for discount). 3. The property tax levy for FY 2011 was recorded. Net assessed valuation of taxable property for the year was $43,000,000, and the tax rate was $5 per $100. It was estimated that 4 percent of the levy would be uncollectible. 4. Purchase orders and contracts were issued to vendors and others in the amount of $2,059,000. 5. The County Board of Review discovered unassessed properties with a total taxable value of $500,000. The owners of these properties were charged with taxes at the city’s General Fund rate of $5 per $100 assessed value. (You need not adjust the Estimated Uncollectible Current Taxes account. ) 6. $1,961,000 of current taxes, $383,270 of delinquent taxes, and $20,570 of interest and penalties were collected. 7. Additional interest and penalties on delinquent taxes were accrued in the amount of $38,430, of which 30 percent was estimated to be uncollectible. 8. Because of a change in state law, the city was notified that it will receive $80,000 less in intergovernmental revenues than was budgeted. 9. Total payroll during the year was $819,490. Of that amount, $62,690 was withheld for employees’ FICA tax liability, $103,710 for employees’ federal income tax liability, and $34,400 for state taxes; the balance was paid to employees in cash. 10. The employer’s FICA tax liability was recorded for $62,690. 11. Revenues from sources other than taxes were collected in the amount of $946,700. 12. Amounts due the federal government as of April 30, 2011, and amounts due for FICA taxes, and state and federal withholding taxes during the year were vouchered. 13. Purchase orders and contracts encumbered in the amount of $1,988,040 were filled at a net cost of $1,987,570, which was vouchered. 14. Vouchers payable totaling $2,301,660 were paid after deducting a credit for purchases discount of $8,030 (credit Expenditures). 15. The tax anticipation note of $300,000 was repaid. 16. All unpaid current year’s property taxes became delinquent. The balances of the current tax receivables and related uncollectibles were transferred to delinquent accounts. 7. A physical inventory of materials and supplies at April 30, 2011, showed a total of $19,100. Inventory is recorded using the purchases method in the General Fund; the consumption method is used at the government-wide level. Required a. Record in general journal form the effect of the above transactions on the General Fund and governmental activities for the year ended April 30, 2011. Do not record subsid iary ledger debits and credits. Answer: General FundDebitCredit revenues $3,140,000 appropriations $3,100,000 borrowing of $300,000 principle and interest$300,000 roperty tax levytax levyCash b. Record in general journal form entries to close the budgetary and operating statement accounts. c. Prepare a General Fund balance sheet as of April 30, 2011. Answer: General Fund Cash $3,140,000 Borrowing/Lending 300,000 Total Liabilities Vouchers payable totaling $2,301,660 materials and supplies $19,100 tax liability $62,690 d. Prepare a statement of revenues, expenditures, and changes in fund balance for the year ended April 30, 2011. Do not prepare the government-wide financial statements. 4–11 Permanent Fund and Related Special Revenue Fund Transactions. Annabelle Benton, great-granddaughter of the founder of the Town of Benton, made a cash contribution in the amount of $500,000 to be held as an endowment. To account for this endowment, the town has created the Alex Benton Park Endowment Fund. Under terms of the agreement, the town must invest and conserve the principal amount of the contribution in perpetuity. Earnings, measured on the accrual basis, must be used to maintain Alex Benton Park in an â€Å"attractive manner. All changes in fair value are treated as adjustments of fund balance of the permanent fund and do not affect earnings. Earnings are transferred periodically to the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund, a special revenue fund. Information pertaining to transactions of the endowment and special revenue funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2011, follows:1. The contribution of $500,000 wa s received and recorded on December 31, 2010.2. On December 31, 2010, bonds having a face value of $400,000 were purchased for $406,300, plus three months of accrued interest of $6,000. A certificate of deposit with a face and fair value of $70,000 was also purchased on this date. The bonds mature on October 1, 2019 (105 months from date of purchase), and pay interest of 6 percent per annum semiannually on April 1 and October 1. The certificate of deposit pays interest of 4 percent per annum payable on March 31, June 30, September 30, and December 31.3. On January 2, 2011, the town council approved a budget for the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund, which included estimated revenues of $13,400 and appropriations of $13,000.4.On March 31, 2011, interest on the certificate of deposit was received by the endowment fund and transferred to the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund.5. The April 1, 2011, bond interest was received by the endowment fund and transferred to the Alex Benton Park M aintenance Fund.6. On June 30, 2011, interest on the certificate of deposit was received and transferred to the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund.7. For the year ended June 30, 2011, maintenance expenditures from the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund amounted to $2,700 for materials and contractual services and $10,150 for wages and salaries. All expenditures were paid in cash except for $430 of vouchers payable as of June 30, 2011. Inventories of materials and supplies are deemed immaterial in amount.8. On June 30, 2011, bonds with face value of $100,000 were sold for $102,000 plus accrued interest of $1,500. On the same date, 2,000 shares of ABC Corporation’s stock were purchased at $52 per share. Required a. Prepare in general journal form the entries required in the Alex Benton Park Endowment Fund to record the transactions occurring during the fiscal year ending June 30, 2011, including all appropriate adjusting and closing entries. Note: Ignore related entries in the go vernmental activities journal at the government-wide level. ) b. Prepare in general journal form the entries required in the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund to record Transactions 1–8. c. Prepare the following financial statements: (1) A balance sheet for both the Alex Benton Park Endowment Fund and the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund as of June 30, 2011. (2) A statement of revenues, expenditures, and changes in fund balance for both the Alex Benton Park Endowment Fund and the Alex Benton Park Maintenance Fund for the year ended June 30, 2011.

Religious Intolerance as Policy During the Reformation

Religious Intolerance as Policy During the Reformation Ever since the biblical dispute of Ishmael and Isaac, persons of different ethnic backgrounds have fought - verbally and physically - over matters of religion and culture. However, the Reformation era of the 15th through 17th Centuries brought about an historic and unique kind of discrimination, because Roman Catholicism in Europe had never been viably challenged within Christianity. True, Eastern Orthodoxy was developed earlier in the millennium, and its Church in Russia and Greece did frequently quarrel with the Catholics. Yet, the centers of the Reformation were geographically much closer to the Catholic Church than that of the Orthodox, and the arguments made by Protestants were very specific to Church doctrine. These both undermined the Church's power very much and led church-friendly governments to crack down on their own religious oppositions. Therefore, the religiously based, if not theocratic governments of the Reformation Era generally felt the need to oppress those within up-and-coming minority religions in policy.Reformation and Counter Reformation in Europe. Pro...The year of 1492 is widely known as the year of Columbus's "discovery" of the New World. Also a dealing of Isabella and Ferdinand, the Jews' expulsion from the country of Spain also took place in this year. Around the timeframe of this event was the Inquisition, in which suspected Jews, infidels and heretics were interrogated by Spanish (Catholic) officials. Although the Inquisition happened before Martin Luther posted the 95 Theses in 1517, before the real Reformation even started, it shows a good example of how Renaissance governments responded to those of minority status.Accused Jews, Muslims and heretics, however, were much more of a minority than the Huguenots in France. The Huguenots, being Protestants, obviously struck a nerve with Catholic governmental influences such as Catherine de Medici. Although there is no influential force such as the Medici family in Ireland, one can draw. ..

Speech (Linguistics) Definition and Examples

Speech (Linguistics) Definition and Examples In linguistics, speech is a system of  communication  that uses spoken words  (or sound symbols).   The study of speech sounds (or spoken language) is the branch of linguistics known as phonetics. The study of sound changes in a language is phonology.For a discussion of speeches in rhetoric and oratory, see Speech (Rhetoric). Etymology:  From the Old English, to speak Studying Language Without Making Judgements Many people believe that written language is more prestigious than spoken languageits form is likely to be closer to Standard English, it dominates education and is used as the language of public administration. In linguistic terms, however, neither speech nor writing can be seen as superior. Linguists are more interested in observing and describing all forms of language in use than in making social and cultural judgements with no linguistic basis.(Sara Thorne, Mastering Advanced English Language, 2nd ed. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) Speech Sounds and Duality The very simplest element of speechand by speech we shall henceforth mean the auditory system of speech symbolism, the flow of spoken wordsis the individual sound, though, . . . the sound is not itself a simple structure but the resultant of a series of independent, yet closely correlated, adjustments in the organs of speech.(Edward Sapir, Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech, 1921)Human language is organized at two levels or layers simultaneously. This property is called duality (or double articulation). In speech production, we have a physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b and i. As individual sounds, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. In a particular combination such as bin, we have another level producing a meaning that is different from the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and, at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact, one of the most economical features of human language because, with a limited set of discrete sounds, we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (e.g. words) which are distinct in meaning.(George Yule, The Study of Language, 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2006) Approaches to Speech Once we decide to begin an analysis of speech, we can approach it on various levels. At one level, speech is a matter of anatomy and physiology: we can study organs such as tongue and larynx in the production of speech. Taking another perspective, we can focus on the speech sounds produced by these organsthe units that we commonly try to identify by letters, such as a b-sound or an m-sound. But speech is also transmitted as sound waves, which means that we can also investigate the properties of the sound waves themselves. Taking yet another approach, the term sounds is a reminder that speech is intended to be heard or perceived and that it is therefore possible to focus on the way in which a listener analyzes or processes a sound wave.(J. E. Clark and C. Yallop, An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Wiley-Blackwell, 1995) Parallel Transmission Because so much of our lives in a literate society has been spent dealing with speech recorded as letters and text in which spaces do separate letters and words, it can be extremely difficult to understand that spoken language simply does not have this characteristic. . . . [A]lthough we write, perceive, and (to a degree) cognitively process speech linearlyone sound followed by anotherthe actual sensory signal our ear encounters is not composed of discretely separated bits. This is an amazing aspect of our linguistic abilities, but on further thought one can see that it is a very useful one. The fact that speech can encode and transmit information about multiple linguistic events in parallel means that the speech signal is a very efficient and optimized way of encoding and sending information between individuals. This property of speech has been called parallel transmission.(Dani Byrd and Toben H. Mintz, Discovering Speech, Words, and Mind. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010) Oliver Goldsmith on the True Nature of Speech It is usually said by grammarians, that the use of language is to express our wants and desires; but men who know the world hold, and I think with some show of reason, that he who best knows how to keep his necessities private is the most likely person to have them redressed; and that the true use of speech is not so much to express our wants, as to conceal them.(Oliver Goldsmith, On the Use of Language. The Bee, October 20, 1759) Pronunciation: SPEECH

Reading and Thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reading and Thought - Essay Example I agree with Macdonald that there is great amount of unexceptional all around us, though he doesn’t take into account the technological world, students and society’s lifestyle today. Modern society has a varied ways of providing information at a close range. This is through the use of laptops, tablets or smartphones. Technology has provided the cyber space that provides to accessibility of abundance of news anywhere both internationally and locally. When thinking of anything or any news accessed through the internet, this defines things that impact positively and negatively to the ethics of the society. This is termed as the globes’ unaffected literary works that can be sort through search engines. This helps in finding internet sources that are most relevant to the topics. For instance, when a prospective car buyer searches the web to find dealers to buy used cars, more than a million results will be found. MacDonald would appreciate the use of search engines since they make internet accessible for useful purposes. The advancement of technology makes access of information easier, and just to the need of the person. Therefore, the nature of the printed ma tter that inundates us daily has a connection to the thought depending on the kid of reading. The thoughts of an individual are directly connected and dependent on the information that the individual reads. The information that someone reads is based on the desires and need that have engulfed at the minds of the individual. Interestingly, the accessibility of the information via internet gives everyone the solution to get his or her needs. In today’s world many vices are considered as part of life. Pornography is becoming a cultural practice and everyone in the world today a brace the norm of watching it. In the click of the worn pornography on the search engines, a myriad of solutions emerge and one can view all sorts of actions

Discuss the role of repetition and habit in Proust's 'Combray' in Essay

Discuss the role of repetition and habit in Proust's 'Combray' in relation to another novel - Essay Example The early twentieth century saw a determined effort, on the part of the European intelligentsia, to exclude the masses from culture. In England this movement has become known as modernism.’ In this era the modernist writers initiated the trend of depicting the darker or the true picture of life i.e. the brutality and harshness of life. Some of the major thematic concerns of modernist literature include self identity, the relationship of an individual with his history or past and projection of an individual’s inner conflict i.e. the tug of war between the conscious and the sub-conscious mind. In order to be able to do justice to these themes modernist writers makes use of various aspects of human nature such as habit and repetition to highlight these themes in their works. 2. Combray by Proust The novel is in first person narrative. This first section of the novel ‘The Way by Swann's’ is a walk down the memory lane where the protagonist tells the readers abo ut his childhood days in Combray and the people that surrounded him and the manner in which the absence or presence affected him and made him the man he has become. A lot of major themes and characters are introduced to the readers in this first part of the novel. This part of the novel basically focuses on the people surrounding the protagonist and the manner in which those people influence him and ultimately result in making him the man or individual that he becomes. 2.1. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce   This novel is also depicted in first person narrative and just like the former novel it is also a journey of self discovery where the protagonist states the story of his life and the circumstances of his life that made him an individual rather than a replica of his father. The novel is about a boy named Stephen who is surrounded by the people of the modern world who are struggling to bring about a change however they are still unable to do so as their bon ds with their heritage and old norms are very strong. However through this novel Joyce reiterates his point of view that in order to bring about a change one has to start struggling on an individual level first. Moreover a human being has the capacity to make impossible possible. 3. Repetition and Habit Repetition and habit are two aspects of human psychology that project monotony of human life. similarly in modern literature the writers use these themes not only to reflect on the inner turmoil of human mind where it is trying to free itself from the shackles of the stereotypical norms but also help in explaining the role of stream of consciousness and its impact on human life in the modern novels. Writers like Proust and James Joyce are observed to be using repetition and habit in their individual unique manner of depiction. In both the novels In Search of Lost Time the Way by Swann's by Proust and A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man by James Joyce  it is observed that writer s use repetition and habit as a tool to reflect upon the confused state of human mind where human existence is like a pendulum and he oscillates between the old norms of the society which are drilled in him since the day he was born and the new trends which he desire to follow to become a modern man. 4. Proust’s writing Technique In Combray Proust’s depiction of habit and repetition is evident in the manner he